5th Century BC Western History


	The 5th Century BCE	400s BC

490s - 494 - Retreat of the Pleabians to the sacred mt, Aventine, who refuse military service until the office of the Tribunes (2) was granted, with power to veto the Assembly & Senate 490 - 10,000 Athenians under Miltiades defeat Darius' Persian forces at Marathon, Greece. The Greek front being wider than the Persian phalanx results in the ends of the Greek lines enveloping the sides of the Persian phalanx. Disagreement exists as to whether the envelopment was an intentional tactic, a happenstance of the Greek center giving way when the forces collided, or perhaps even the semi-circular shape of the hills from which the Greeks descended as they joined the battle. The History of Herodotus	480s - 486 - Battle of Lake Regillus establishes Rome's dominance within the Latin League. 486- Darius I dies, and is succeeded by his son, Xerxes I. 480 - Leonidas I and Spartan army defeated by Xerxes I and Persian army at Thermopylae. 480 - Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, defeats Carthaginian general Hamilcar, at Himera.
470s - 479: Athens under Themistocles destroys Persian navy at Salamis and Platea. Persian army leaves Greece. 471: After political reversals, Themistocles is banished from Athens and goes to live with Persian King Artaxerxes. 471: Publian Law creates the Comitia Tributa, a Plebian Assembly which held plebiscites to recommend laws to the Senate and Assembly (Centuriates)	460s - 465: Persian ruler Xerxes I murdered; succeeded by Artaxerxes.
450s - Coriolanus vanquishes Aequi	440s 449 - The Laws of the Twelve Tables codifies customary laws in Rome, including civil law, criminal law, and trial procedure, public law and relig. law. (strong infl. of Gk law; Solon's Code) 447 - Plebians begin electing Consular aides, formerly appointed by Consuls. 445 - Plebians allowed to intermarry with patricians.
430s 432 Parthenon completed	420s
410s Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War 415: Start of Siege of Syracuse. 410: Naval battle of Cyzicus. Cincinattus defeats Volsci	400s 404 - Spartan alliance defeats Athens, ending the Peloponnesian Wars. 09 __ 401- Persian King Artaxerxes II defeats and kills his brother Cyrus at Cunaxa, near the Median wall northwest of Babylon. 10,000 Greek mercenaries in the employ of Cyrus head home, under the direction of Xenophon.

Plutarch's legendary Coriolanus
Plutarch's Themistocles
Plutarch's Aristides
Plutarch's Cimon
Plutarch's Pericles
Plutarch's Nicias
Plutarch's Agesilaus
Plutarch's Alcibiades
Plutarch's Lysander
Plutarch's Artaxerxes