Conjunctions
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| Coordinating: | and, but, or, yet
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| Correlating: | either...or / neither...nor / both...and
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Any Grammatical Unit Relationship Same Type of Unit
I like bacon and eggs?
His speech was brief yet fascinating
Drive quickly but safely
Speak now or forever hold your peace.
We can either wait for the bus or take a taxi.
Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
Both the computer and the printer are broken.
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Connecting Clauses
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Coord. Conj.
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Clause Relationship Clause |
Conjunctive Adv
Disjunctive Adv
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Clause; Relationship Clause
Sentence. Relationship Clause
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Subord. Conj.
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Verb Phrase [Relationship Clause]
Verb Phrase [Relationship Clause]
Adverb [Relationship Clause]
Adverb Adjective [Relationship Clause]
Adjective Phrase [Relationship Clause]
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Relative Pro-words
Pronouns
Pro-determiners
Pro-adverbs
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Noun (Subject or Object ...)
Verb [S / O] / (S / O) Predicate / Clause [S / O]
Noun (Pro-Modifier...)
Noun (Pro-Modifier ...)
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Compound Sentences
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Conjunctions
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| Coordinating: | for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so - (F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. = 1st letters)
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| Correlating: | either...or / neither...nor / whether...or / both...and
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1.1+1.1 She made the dinner, and we washed the dishes.
00+0.2 She called, but you were away
1.1+1.1 You will refund our money or I will call the police.
0.0+0.0 Our bus left late, yet we arrived on time. (~but)
0.0-0.0+0.3-0.3a We'd fight and never lose, for we were young
and sure to have our way. (~because + and)
0.3+0.3 He is not afraid, nor am I.
2.5+2.5 Either you tell him to leave, or I will.
(Whether you tell him to leave, or she does) is not important.
1.1N- I don't know [whether it will rain or snow].
He likes pizza, and so do I.
0.3+0.3 We are hungry, and so are they.
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Compound Sentences without Conjunctions
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Conjunctive Adverbs
| Contrast | however, nonetheless, nevertheless, otherwise, still |
| Logical Sequence | consequently, furthermore, so, then, therefore, thus |
I wanted to see a scary movie; however, my friend wanted to see a comedy.
You need to concentrate on your studies; otherwise, you will fail the class.
The thunder and lightning were intense; consequently, the crowd dispersed.
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Tag Questions:
1.1+1.1 She can't speak English, can she?
Contrast:
Americans call it an elevator; the British call it a lift.
Logical:The bigger they are; the harder they fall.
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Sentence Adverbs
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Disjunctive Adverbs
, ,
| Contrast | However, Nonetheless, Nevertheless, Otherwise, Still |
| Logical Sequence | Accordingly, Consequently, Furthermore,
Indeed, In fact, Moreover, so, Therefore, Thus |
| Sequence | First, Firstly, Secondly, In conclusion, Finally, Lastly, |
| Time Sequence | Afterwards, Next, Then, Thereafter |
| Addition | Additionally, Anyway, Besides, In addition |
I wanted to see a scary movie. However, my friend wanted to see a comedy.
You need to concentrate on your studies. Otherwise, you will fail the class.
The thunder and lightning were intense. Consequently, the crowd dispersed.
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Complex Sentence Connectors
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| Dep. Clause | Relative Pronouns | Relative Pro-Determiners | Relative Pro-Adverbs |
| (Adjective Clause) |
who, whom, which, that |
whose |
when, where, why |
| [Noun Clause] |
who, whoever, whomever
what, whatever, whichever |
whatever, whichever | when, where, why, how, wherever, |
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[Adverb Clause] | that, that, which, which | | |
| [Noun Clause] and (Adj. C.) | Subordinating Conjunctions |
| Possibility: | | that, if, whether, |
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| [Adverb Clause] | |
| Intensity: | Comparison or Degree: | as, than, that |
| | Concession: | although, though, even though |
| | Condition: | if, unless, as long as, even if, only if, provided that, whether, no matter |
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| Manner: | | as, as if, as though, like |
| Location: | | where, wherever |
| Time: | | after, as, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as |
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| Reason: | | as, because, since, in case / so that, in order that |
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Adjective Clauses
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Defining vs. Non-defining Clauses:
The woman (who arrived yesterday) is our English teacher.
Our English teacher, (who is a Canadian), also speaks French.
Omitting Relative Pronouns:
The question
(which he asked)
is important.
The woman (who they met) is a famous actress.
Relative Adverbs:
J0.3 The hotel (where we stayed) was beautiful.
J0.0 The days (when it rained) were wasted.
J0.0 The reason (why they were late) doesn't matter.
Relative Pro-determiners:
J1.1 The people (whose car was stolen) took a bus." / "whose car?" "The people's car.
Non-relative Adjective Clauses:
The belief (that there are UFOs) is becoming more common..
The idea (that he'll win the tournament ) is ridiculous.
The fact {that he lied} upset her.
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Noun Clauses
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(Whoever said that) was lying.
(What he said) surprised me.
(Wherever] they want [to eat) is OK with me.
I know [who ate my noodles].
I agree [with [what you said]].
I am sorry [about [what happened]].
Sunbordinate Conjunctions
I can't decide [if I should buy this].
(Whether you drive, or he drives) is unimportant.
0.4 The important thing is {that we are safe}.
2.2N
She warned me [that he would eat my noodles].
Indirect Questions:
Do you know [when we will eat]?"
Can you remember [whether she was wearing a hat]?
Could you tell me [when the movie begins]?
What] do you think [happened?
Who]] do you suppose [she is waiting [for?"
I asked her [what her name was].
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Adverb Clauses of Comparison
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He is taller [than she is].
She drives faster [than I do]
I don't drive as fast [as she does].
It rained so hard [we stopped the car].
She is so angry [I'm afraid to call her].
He did such a good job [I gave him an extra ten dollars].
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Adverb Clauses of Concession, Manner and Place
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Clauses of Concession
He won't lend her any money [even though he's her friend].
They won't let us in [even though we have tickets].
[Though he is eighty yerars-old], he is still in very good health.
We chose to study history, [whereas they were required to].
My teacher was a Canadian, [while
his was an Australian].
Clauses of Manner
He behaved
[as if he owned the place].
She looks {as though she is worried}
Clauses of Place
With a cell phone, you can call me [wherever you are].
[Wherever she is], I will find her.
Go back [where] you came [from].
They sell ice cream [where he works].
That is the store (where he works).
Do you know [where he works]?
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Clauses of Time
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after, before, once, and until
Future
[As soon as he leaves], we will call you.
[Once he starts playing his guitar], they will stop talking
I won't leave [until they have finished]
I was cooking dinner [while they were watching TV].
I've known her [since I was a child].
I haven't been eating any snacks [since I started this diet].
[Since you're not working tomorrow], you ought to go to the park.
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Loose vs. Periodic Sentences
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Loose Sentence = Main Clause + Dependent Clauses
This book deserves no accolades, because the plot is cliche, the characters are stereotypes, and the prose is littered with grammatical and spelling mistakes.
Periodic Sentence = Dependent Clauses + Main Clause
"To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men, that is genius."
(Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Self-Reliance," 1841)
Variety, Efficiency, Eloquence
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Review
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Prepositions
Connecting Noun Phrases with Noun, Adjective & Verb Phrases,
Associating Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives & Verbs
Conjunctions
Connecting similar Grammatical Units
Connecting Clauses with Clauses
Connecting Phrases with
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Past Continuous w/ Simple Past
Conditionals
Subjunctive
0 Connecting Grammatical Units
1 The Connectors
2 Types of Prepositions
3 Parts of Speech of Prepositional Complements
4 Parts of Speech of Prepositional Phrases
5 Prepositional Verbs
6 Prepositional Predicate Adjectives
7 Quantity Noun Phrases
8 Nested PPs
believe [in life (after death)]
the son's daughter:
the daughter (of my boss's son) is the son [of my boss]'s daughter.
the daughter's son:
the daughter [of my boss]'s son is the son (of my boss's daughter).
Today is Friday, .
9 Types of
10
11 Conjunctive adverbs
12
13
14
15
16 Degree
17 Conditionals
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19
20
21
22
23
24
comparisons
Adjective Adverbial Prepositional Phrases
thoughtful of them!
are worried about them.
He isn't rich enough for her.
Nothing's good enough for them
Comparatives Telling Time
COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS
from eight o'clock to nine thirty
between six and seven o'clock
a drop (in the bucket) / the fact (of the matter) is
a drop in the bucket / waste of time / the fact of the matter is
no point in doing anything / no reason for doing anything
Rather than leave now, we should wait for the
I would rather leave now than later / would rather have beef than pork.
Instead of leaving now, we should wait for the teacher.
I want mustard instead of ketchup.
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