2nd Millennium European Politics & War

1000s 1002-24 Henry II, king of Germany crowned Emperor 1014 1013 Danes masters of England 1016 Canute succeeds Ethelred II as king of England 1040 Macbeth murders Duncan Rise of Seljuk Turks 1042 1053 Norman Robert Guiscard conquers southern Italy 1053-65-1105 Henry IV Emperor excommunicated by Gregory VII 1076 & 1080 1054 Malcolm defeats Macbeth at Dunsinane murders him 3 years later 1066 William I & Normans conquer Saxon England Byzantine Comneni Dynasty 1081-1185 1085 Conquest of Toledo 1094 El Cid takes Valencia from Moors 1095 Pope Urban II preaches Crusade 1096 Peter the hermit leads peasants in brief Holy War 1096-99 1st Crusade 1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem, Norman Kingdom til 1187	1100s 1105-25 Henry V captures his father crowned emperor 1111, excommunicated 1112 1123 & 4 Byzantine Emperor John II defeats Serbs & Hungarians 1145 Pope Eugene III proclaims 2nd Crusade 1147-49 fails 1170 Thomas Becket murdered by Henry II's knights Byzantine Angeli Dynasty 1185-1204 Decline 1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem 1189-92 3rd Crusade 1190 Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa drowned 1191 Richard I the Lion Heart captures and sells Cyprus 1192 Leopold, duke of Austria captures Richard I released in 1194 and killed in battle 1199
1200s 1202-04 Fourth Crusade, Constantinople captured, Latin Empire established - 1261 1206-27 Ghengis Khan, prince of the Mongols 1209 King John invades Scotland, excommunicated 1210 Otto IV excommunicated 1212 Frederick II king of Germany crowned emperor in 1220 1212 Children's Crusade 1215 Magna Carta sealed by King John at Runnymede 1228-29 5th Crusade led by Frederick II crowned King of Jerusalem, signs treaty with infidels 1237 Mongols conquer Russia, defeat Germans, invade Poland and Hungary, but withdraw upon Ughetai's death. 1243-8 Five year truce btw. England & France 1244 Moslems take Jerusalem 1245 Frederick II deposed 1248 Louis IX leads 6th Crusade captured by Saracens 1250, released 1254 1256 "100 Years War" btw. Venice & Genoa 1270 7th Crusade Louis IX dies of plague in Tunis	1300s 1309-77 Babylonian Captivity of Pope in Avignon 1314 Scottish Independence won at Bannockburn 1315 Swiss repel Austrians at Morgarten 1327-77 Edward III begins 100 Yrs. War 1339 1328- Valois Philip VI king of France 1328-41 Ivan I moves capital to Moscow 1347 Calais falls to English til 1559 1349/50 Black Death-Plague 1353 Confederation of Swiss Cantons 1356 Pope Innocent VI prohibits leagues of cities 1358 French Peasants revolt 1362 English introduced as official language in courts of law 1366 English Parliament refuses Papal dues 1376 Swabian League of 14 cities 1378-1417 Great Schism-2 Popes 1380 Wycliff translates the Bible 1381 Peasant Uprising of Wat Tyler and John Bull 1381 Venice wins "100 Years War" against Genoa
1400s Hundred Years War -1453 1415 at Agincourt Henry V defeats French 1415 Jon Huss betrayed by future Emperor Sigismund 1428 Joan of Arc leads French to victory at Orleans 1431 Joan of Arc burned at the stake 1453 Turks capture Constantinople 1456 Turks conquer Athens 1455-85 War of the Roses 1469-92 Lorenzo de' Medici rules Florence 1479 Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand & Isabella 1481 Spanish Inquisition begins 1492 Moorish Granada falls to Spain, Jews expelled, Columbus sails to America 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Pope Alexander VI divides the New World btw. Spain & Portugal	1500s 1517 Martin Luther posts 95 theses 1520 Charles V Holy Roman Emperor 1521 Luther in refuge translates New Testament 1521 Cortes conquers Aztecs 1525 Great Peasant War in Germany 1527 Hapsburg mercenaries sack Rome 1531 Henry VIII Supreme Head of Church of England 1534 Anabaptist "Communist State" 1536 Calvin writes 'Instructions' 1556 Charles V abdicates to Philip II & Ferdinand I 1559-1603 Elizabeth I 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 1579 Union of Utrecht - Dutch Republic 1580 Ivan IV the Terrible kills his son 1582 Gregorian Calendar adopted in Western Europe, 1752 in England 1588 Spanish Armada defeated by British 1589 Bourbon Henry IV King of France
1600s 1618-48 Thirty Years War English Civil War Glorious Revoluion	1700s French Revolution
1800s Napoleonic Wars Greek Independence US Civil War Balkan Conflicts	1900s World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam War

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