0000s - Roman Julian & Flavian Emperors Julian Emperors 27 BC-14 Augustus 14-37 Tiberius 37-41 Caligua 41-54 Claudius 54-68 Nero 68-69 Four Emperors Plutarch's Galba Plutarch's Otho 69-96 Flavian Emperors 69-79 Vespasian 79-81 Titus 81-96 Domitian 70 Conquest of Jerusalem Old Word Trade Routes Map 96-98 Nerva 98-117 Trajan
0100s - Roman Adopted Emperors Adopted Emperors 98-117 Trajan 117-138 Hadrian 138-161 Antonius Pius 161-180 Marcus Aurelius Clickable Map of the 54 Provinces c. 120 Final destruction of Jerusalem 134 Parthian War 161-80 1st Marcomanni War 167-75 2nd Marcomanni War 178-80 Presbyter Clement of Alexandria refutes Gnosticism 180-92 Commodus 193 Four Emperors Severi Dynasty (193-235) 193-211 Septimius Severus
0200s - Roman Soldier Emperors Severi Emperors 211-217 Caracalla 218-22 Elagaballus 222-38 Severus Alexander Soldier Emperors 235-38 Maximinus Thrace 238-44 Gordian III 244-49 M Julius Philippus 249-51 Decius 253-60 Valerian 260-68 Gallienus 268-70 Claudius II 270-75 Aurelian 275-76 Tacitus 276-82 Probus 283-84 Carus 284-305 Diocletian British Campaign 208-11 Many attacks by Germans and Persians. 1st millennium of Rome's existence celebrated. 1st general persecution of Christians by Decius 249-51 280-500 Jewish Talmuds compiled, oral tradition codified Tetrarchy & Twelve Imperial Dioceses created Diocletian
0300s - Roman Christian Emperors Christians persecuted by Diocletian 303-11 Edicts of Toleration 311 & 313 Christian Emperors 275-76 Tacitus 276-82 Probus 283-84 Carus 284-305 Diocletian 324-37 Constantine the Great 337-61 Constantius II 361-63 Julian the pagan 363-64 Jovian 364-75 Valentinian I 375-78 Valens 379 Theodosius I 394-95 Theodosius the Great Council of Nicaea 325 rejects teachings of Arius, which are held by the majority of eastern bishops. Arian Christianity promoted by Emperor Constantius II and by Ulfilas who converts the Goths. Brief pagan revival under Emperor Julian 361-3 Battle of Adrianople-Arian Visigoths def. Valens 378 382 Canon of New Testament settled. Catholic Christianity becomes state religion 391 End of Imperial Unity after Theodosius I 396-98 Alaric & Visigoths plunder Greece and Balkans
0400s Germanic Invasions shake Western Roman Emp. Eastern Emperors 450-57 Marcian 457-74 Leo I 479-91 Zeno Western Emperors & Kings 425-29 Valentinian II 429-54 Aetius 476-493 Odoacer 493-526 Theodoric the Great Visigoth Kings 418-51 Theodoric I 484-507 Alaric II 453-66 Theodoric II Visigoths pillage Rome 410 Roman legions withdraw from Britain 410 Vandals conquer Africa 429 Attila rules the Huns 433-453 Pope Leo I turns Attila from Rome 452 Gaiseric's Vandals sack Rome 455 Emp Leo's Navy (largest in Roman history) fails to conquer Vandals St. Patrick converts Irish / Ethiopians converted 481-511 Clovis, king of Franks, baptized 496 476 "Fall of Rome" when barbarian general Odoacer claims Italy as his Kingdom. Zeno prompts Arian Ostrogoths to conquer Italy under King Theodoric
0500s
0600s Byzantine Empire / Moslem Conquests Byzantine Emperors 602-10 Phocus 610-41 Heraclius 641-68 Constans II 685-95 Justinian II 695-98 Leonitius 698-705 Tiberius III Langobard Kings 636-52 Rothari 661-71 Grimwald I 632-61 Elected Caliphs 632-34 Abu Bakr 634-44 Omar I 644-56 Othmam 661-750 Omayad Dynasty 680-83 Yazid I 685-705 Abdulmalik 622 Mohammed's Hegira Avars and Persians repelled near Constantinople 625 Mohammed begins Koran 625 Byzantines def. Persians at Nineveh 627 Heraclius recovers Jerusalem 629 628-38 Dagobert I unites Frankish kdm. Langobards convert to Catholicism, last Arian kings. 634-44 Omar I conquers Syria, Persia & Egypt 656-61 Ali Caliph moves capital to Kufa 661-750 Omayyad Dynasty 661-80 Mo'awiya moves capital to Damascus
0700s Omayyad / Abbasid Caliphates 705-15 Walid I, Zenith of Omayyads Byzantine Emperors 698-705 Tiberius III 705-11 Justinian II again 711-13 Philippicus Batdanes 713-15 Anastasius II 716-17 Theodosius III 716-40 Leo III the Isaurian 741-75 Constantine V 775-80 Leo IV the Khazar 780-97 Constantine VI 797-802 Irene Omayyad & Abbasid Caliphs 661-750 Omayad Dynasty 685-705 Abd-al-Malik 705-15 Al-Walid 715-17 Suleiman 720-24 Yazid 724-43 Hisham 743-44 Al-Walid 744 Yazid III 744-50 Marwan II 750- Abbasid Calipsh 750-54 Abu'l-Abbas 754-75 Al-Mansur 775-85 Al-Mahdi 785-86 Al-Hadi 786-809 Al-Rashid 732 Charles Martel def. Omayyads at Tours & Poitiers 741-75 Constantine V prohibits image worship dissolves monastaries 755 Pope Stephen II uses forged "Donation of Constantine" to enlist Pepin's protection of Papal States. 756 Abdurrahman est. Emirate of Cordoba 750-1258 Abbasid Dynasty 754-75 al-Mansur moves capital to Baghdad 768-71 Charlemagne & Carloman rule Franks 780-802 Irene (virtual) Empress, restores image worship
0800s Frankish Holy Roman Empire / Norman raids Holy Roman Emperors 800-14 Charlemagne 813 Louis I the Pious 840-55 Lothar I 850 -75 Louis II 875-77 Charles the Bald 881 Charles the Fat 896 Lambert & Arnulf Byzantine Emperors 797-802 Irene 802-11 Nicephorus I 811-13 Michael I Rangave 813-20 Leo V the Armenian 820-29 Michael II the Amorian 829-42 Theophilus 842-67 Micael III the Amorian 867-86 Basil I 886-912 Leo VI the Wise Abbasid Caliphs 786-809 Harun Al-Rashid 809-13 Al-Amin 813-33 Al-Ma'mun 833-42 Al-Mu'tasim 842-47 Al-Wathik 847-61 Al-Mutawakkil 870-92 Al-Mu'tamid 892-902 Al-Mu'tadid 800 Charlemagne crowned 1st Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III Treaty of Verdun 843 divides France, Italy & Germany among Charles II, Lothar I, and Louis I Arabs sack Rome 846 Norse pirates sack Mediterranean coasts 859 Frankish / Byzantine reconquest of Sicily from the Arabs 880 871-99 Alfred the Great, king of England 876-87 Charles III the Fat re-unites Charlemagne's Empire 884-87
0900s Norman Conquests / Saxon Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors 901 Louis III 924 Imperial Office Ends 962 Otto I 973-83 Otto II 983-1002 Otto III Byzantine Emperors 886-912 Leo VI the Wise 912-13 Alexander 913-59 Constantine VII 920-44 Romanus I 959-62 Romanus II 963-69 Nicephorus II Phocas 969-76 John I Tzimisces 976-1025 Basil II Bulgaroctonus Abbasid Caliphs 892-902 Al-Mu'tadid 902-08 Al-Muktafi 908-32 Al-Muktadir 932-34 Mohammed al-Kahir 934-40 Ahmad al-Radi 944-46 Al-Mustakfi 946-74 Al-Muti' 974-91 Abd-al-Karim al-Ta'i' 991-1031 Ahmad al-Kadir 900 Alfonso III of Castile begins reconquest of Spain 911-31 Robert I (Rollo) 1st Duke of Normandy Treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte est. Normandy dukedom Normans convert to Christianity 936-73 Otto I the Great, king of Germany marries Adelheid, obtains Italy & Burgandy 951 crushes son Liudolf's rebellion 953 crowned Holy Roman Emperor 962 by Pope John XII End of rule of nobles in Rome 980 Russians converted to Orthodox Christianity Czechs, Poles & Huns convert to Catholicism 987-96 King Hugh starts French Capetian dynasty 996-1026 Richard II, duke of Normandy Civil War in Rome 996
0000s Amazon.com Books & Videos Scarre's The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire : Boxed Volumes 1-3 Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Well's The Roman Empire (paperback) Farrar's Ancient Roman Gardens Cahill's How the Irish Saved Civilization Garland's Byzantine Empresses : Women and Power in Byzantium, Ad 527-1204 Colish's Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400-1400 ****Videos**** The Story of Islam